The Branco Weiss Fellowship

The Branco Weiss Fellowship, for 5 year, 110,000 USD/year, doing research at your local institute.

Eligibility
The ideal applicant has the competencies to design a surprisingly novel and scientifically rigorous research project which blazes new trails, profiting from the freedom uniquely offered by the fellowship.
You are eligible for the 2014 campaign if:
You officially hold a PhD on January 15, 2014
Your project departs from the mainstream of research in your discipline
You have a record of outstanding scientific achievement
You demonstrate in the proposal a willingness to engage in a dialogue on relevant social, cultural, political or economic issues across the frontiers of your particular discipline
Please do not be disheartened if you have applied before and were not selected, you are welcome to apply again.
Your application will not be forwarded for evaluation if:
You have not officially completed a PhD by January 15, 2014
Your PhD was awarded more than five years ago, as of January 15, 2014
You already hold or have held a faculty or faculty-equivalent position (e.g. assistant professor, lecturer)
You were born before January 1, 1980

PS: But this one is extremely competitive, only a few candidates from top universities, with outstanding research and great profile, are selected per year. Thus, don't waste your time, if you are not a tight fit.